Step #1 is to use a proper monitoring tool like HWinfo which shows all the sensors, and with the proper sensor names. HWmonitor is not nearly as good.
What's monitored by the Adaptive Thermal Monitor (which takes care of thermal throttling) are the Digital Thermal Sensor (DTS) sensors:
Any of these approaching and hitting TjMAX (maximum junction temperature), and it activates the Thermal Control Circuit (TCC), which reduces frequency and voltage adaptively. This is all done by the CPU itself and it's always active. The board/BIOS cannot influence TjMAX directly, but it can set a TCC Activation Offset.