As for the motherboard (one word), yes, it's a standard size, Micro ATX. Of course you can only put in a newer Intel mainboard, because your CPU water cooler is set up for the Intel mounting system. And you can't go overboard, that's what i mentioned before, the cooling and everything is laid out exactly for the hardware that is currently in it. Put in a more power-hungry CPU and the noise could swell considerably, for example.
For an RTX 3080, you would need a bigger PSU. A 3080 draws 320 to 340 W under load, so that doesn't leave very much for the rest of the system. If you get a good 80 PLUS Gold/Platinum/Titanium PSU for example from "be quiet!" or Seasonic, you might be able to make do with 600W. For cheaper models, 650W or 700W would be better.
One thing to consider, which i noticed when watching the Youtube video about the system. I don't know if you have the steel or the glass side panel:
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The glass side panel looks better, but it doesn't have any ventilation holes for the graphics card to suck in fresh air. So with an RTX 3080, things could get louder than they need to be with the glass side panel. A vertically mounted card which can't get any fresh air is a bad design decision, they should've kept the holes in front of the card.